Such a situation is unlikely to satisfy a specialist in a particular field
The departments of politics in the print media publish not only information about political life that is in demand among readers.
There are several reasons. For example, political advertising is regulated by law, that is, the publication simply has no right to “fake” the advertising political material. And if it still decides to do so, it will be quite risky – its own image. Because in addition to responsibility before the law, we will have to report to readers, who “because of distrust of themselves” may simply lose. Thus, publications and journalists in Germany have to pay a rather high price for false allegations.
And again there is a completely logical remark: but every publication, whether printed or electronic, has its investor, due to which it exists. And among these investors are many people endowed with political power. Therefore, we can assume that they will dictate their political will to their own publication, especially during elections: what, how and what to write about.
But this idea is also wrong. According to German colleagues, in their country, investors do not have the right by law to interfere in the editorial, ie domestic political work of publications. The concept of print and electronic media is discussed during their creation – an agreement is concluded between investors and the editorial staff, which states that no one, not even investors, has the right to interfere in domestic policy. If so, it is discussed to what extent.
In addition, many publications that are already well “promoted” exist through advertising. That is why they can write quite boldly about the events of different spheres of society. And the order as compare and contrast essay now to buy such is simply not appropriate. The customer is the demand for information, ie the audience.
What is the material “to order” from us? Under what conditions can it occur?
The word from the editorial slang “order” appeared to us a long time ago – it is not the same age as “independent Ukrainian journalism”. In the early 90’s, as we remember, there were many different publications. Over time, many of them disappeared in the same way. But this is, so to speak, another story. Journalists from the missing publications had to look for work in the remaining media. However, this turned out to be a difficult task – the remaining major publications already had their own staff, so getting into the staff was not very realistic. Especially in the capital’s media.
Freelance workers. “Free” journalists found a way out – they began to perform, as freelancers, the tasks of either the editorial board, or political parties, or commercial structures (this is a critical publication) and place them on the pages of various publications. The conditions of the game were quite simple: if the content of the material did not contradict the views of the editors, the material was printed.
But over time, the “ordering” industry began to expand. In addition to freelance journalists, so to speak from the outside, full-time editorial staff began to make publications “to order”.
External interventions. The desire to “earn” has also taken over regular journalists. Some of them started negotiating with their management, saying that there is such a topic, there are people who are interested in the material coming out and are ready to pay for it as for advertising. If the management agreed, the journalist set to work, gathering information, preparing a publication to be published. And received his share for it.
There are other options. For example, the management of the publication under certain conditions does not consent to the publication. Then the journalist tends to manipulate. For example, when he knows in advance that the editor will not agree to post material on a proposed topic, he will try to simply present the topic from the most favorable point of view. That for the editorial office it looked like a very relevant topic, and for customers – it became a profitable business. As for the journalist, he will be able to kill two birds with one stone, and even get his fee.
Internal task. This is, at first glance, a real editorial task. Here is an example. During the elections, investors who have to run for parliament or local government decide that the publication that exists at their expense should create a certain resonance on the given topics in order to create a positive image.
A thematic plan is being developed. Journalists receive assignments and write “on the ordered” topic. At first glance, their work really does not differ from the editorial task. If not one condition – the content of the publication, its context should fully reflect the point of view, the views of investors-customers. The journalist’s opinion on the issue is not taken into account. And if a journalist still writes what he wants, it is simply not published.
Undoubtedly, someone may notice that in such a case the journalist has a choice – he can refuse a task that contradicts his views. Maybe. However, no one can guarantee that he will continue to work without being pressured by investors and the editorial board. And not everyone will dare to come into conflict with the top editorial staff. And here it makes sense to talk about freedom of opinion, freedom of speech and the media in general.
It should be noted that this type of order has another characteristic feature – the editorial office often does not pay the journalist extra money for the order. Only the fee he must be paid by law.
So we considered several types of domestic orders. However, we still did not find out: which of them is a real order? To do this, we must identify the main features of the material “to order” (of course, they are indicative):
The material has a pseudonym instead of the author’s real name. This is probably one of the main indicators that the author does not want to show his true face to the reader. And, therefore, we can assume that he does not completely agree with the views expressed in the publication. Or vice versa – he does not want it to be associated with his name. The publication that appeared in the publication does not have the latest information, is untimely or not very relevant. If only a monotonous position of an author is clearly expressed in the material, one-sided expression of opinions is felt, facts and comments are missing, and arguments are not convincing. In common parlance, fact in such materials is called “attracted by the ears.” The publication misinforms the reader, giving him only pieces of compromising material, which will clearly tarnish the image of a political, business or commercial group. Or if the publication is one of many in a series of single-topic materials that are published constantly in the publication. The amount of a journalist’s salary is not a criterion by which to judge: whether it was “commissioned” material or just a free topic, or a real editorial task. Because no one can give a 100% guarantee – how much money the journalist received for the publication.
So, we came to the conclusion that the material “to order” can be any of the three types mentioned earlier, if it has at least some of these five features. It should also be noted that the “order” is quite rare in its pure form, given the different conditions of preparation of the publication. Only the authors of the material and its customer know about stumbling blocks.
Also quite inconspicuous boundary between the editorial task and the material “to order”. After all, while performing an editorial task, a journalist may decide, for example, not to put his or her last name, for some other reasons. At least then, so as not to have misunderstandings with those about whom he writes, so that nothing threatens him or his family.
Therefore, to say unequivocally that materials “to order” is a phenomenon only inherent in our society or a feature of domestic journalism, it means – to be wrong. The exact wording would be the statement that the expression “material to order” is nothing but a product of modern linguistics, which emerged under the conditions of journalism of the new period.
Although, in our opinion, the very existence of such an expression is a rather alarming call for Ukrainian journalism. Because no one will be able to guarantee now that in the near future this concept will not really become an exact definition of “custom journalism”. And will be fully consistent with the essence. And this, in turn, will disgrace the second most ancient profession more than all the combined oppressions of freedom of speech and free mass media …
11/10/2011
Machine translation of text: advantages and disadvantages. Abstract
Machine translators of texts more or less satisfactorily form the skeleton of the future translation due, as a rule, to literal processing of the text, and from several possible meanings of words the most commonly used is chosen most often. Such a situation is unlikely to satisfy a specialist in a particular field
In recent years, several dozen programs for machine translation of texts from one language to another have appeared on the software market. Let’s try to analyze the latest versions of the most popular of them.
Translation programs (machine translation systems) have appeared in response to the needs of users in the prompt translation of various commercial, technical or INTERNET information, which is submitted in electronic form. In addition to translation from foreign languages, translation from Ukrainian (Russian) into other languages, including English, is important. When analyzing machine translation programs, it should be immediately clarified that the requirements for them should not be the same as for human translation.
The translation made by a computer is far from perfect, but the text obtained as a result of the work of an electronic translator allows in most cases to understand the essence of the document being translated. This document can then be adjusted with a basic knowledge of a foreign language and a good orientation in the subject area to which the translated information belongs.
One of the most famous machine translation programs on the Ukrainian market is STILUS, PARS, Language Master. These programs – WINDOWS-applications that support DragDrop technology, OLE-automation, have an online help system, graphical dialog settings, as well as other window controls and options, which makes these programs really popular among users.
Consider the criteria by which the above software products were compared.
Installation / Uninstallation characterizes the ability to install and destroy machine translation programs from the user’s computer.
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